In 1885 the British sanctioned the formation of the Indian National Congress, of which an offshoot, the Congress party, remains one of India's most important political parties. The British army existed to maintain internal order and control uprisings against the colonizing government by the Indian people. Several independent Hindu and Muslim kingdoms, however, continued to exist within the broader framework of British rule. Britain then strengthened its hold over its Indian colony by installing a parliament, courts, and bureaucracy. MODERN ERAīy 1600 the British established a presence in India through the East India Company, a trading company that exported raw materials like spices out of India to the West. These Muslim invasions resulted in the conversion of a section of the populace to Islam, establishing forever a significant Muslim society in India. The Moghul Dynasty established a thriving empire in North India. The earliest invaders were the Turks, followed by members of the Moghuls Dynasty in about 1500 A.D.
Islamic raiders began their invasions of India. Furthermore, about the tenth century A.D. The Islamic presence in southern India occurred around the eighth century A.D., via sailors from establishments in Kerala and Tamilnadu. Alexander the Great invaded northern India in the fourth century B.C. These tribes established many empires, including the Nanda and Gupta kingdoms in northern India.
They gradually moved south as migrating Aryan tribes entered the region. Dravidians comprised India's earliest ethnic group. Present-day India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. One of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley civilization (2500-1700 B.C.), flourished across It was popularized by its use on Mohandas Gandhi's political party flag during the Indian independence movement. This chakra originates from a design that appears in a temple in Ashoka.
The white stripe is in the middle, and has at its center a wheel or chakra. India's capital is the modern city of New Delhi in northern India, and its flag is the "tricolor," which boasts three equal stripes of orange, white, and green. While official Indian languages include Hindi, which is spoken by about 30 percent of the population, and English, hundreds of dialects are also spoken in India. Approximately 12 percent are Muslims, while smaller minorities include Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians. About 82 percent of all Indians are Hindus. Second in population only to China, India is home to around 900 million people of diverse ethnicity, religion, and language. Bounded by Nepal and the Himalaya mountains to the north, Pakistan to the northwest, the Indian Ocean to the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east, India occupies about 1,560,000 square miles. India, the most populous country in South Asia, is a peninsula.
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